Programming contests

DEIK Regionális Programozó Csapatverseny, egyetemi kategória, 2025. december 7.

December 7, 2025, 10:30 AM – December 7, 2025, 3:30 PM

permutation-1

We have NN tasks labeled with numbers 1,,N1,\ldots,N. For certain task pairs (akbk,k=1,,Ma_k b_k,~~k=1,\ldots,M), we know that one task (aka_k) must be completed before we start the other (bkb_k). Considering all valid orderings satisfying the given conditions in lexicographic order, find the KK-th ordering. For example, let N=4, M=3, and K=2,4:

The given orders:
4 1
4 2
2 3

Then all possible orderings in lexicographic order:

4 1 2 3
4 2 1 3
4 2 3 1

We can see that 4 2 1 3 is the second, and also clear that there is no fourth valid ordering.

Input specification

The first line contains TT, the number of test cases. Then TT test cases follow. Description of a test case: First line: three numbers NMKN~~ M~~ K. Next MM lines: numbers akbk(k=1,,M)a_k b_k~~(k=1,\ldots,M). Each pair appears at most once in the list.

Output specification

T lines with the…

Constraints

1T1001\le T \le 100
1N1_0001\le N \le 1\_000
0M1_0000\le M \le 1\_000
1K1_0001\le K \le 1\_000
1ak1_0001\le a_k \le 1\_000
1bk1_0001\le b_k \le 1\_000
akbka_k\neq b_k 1ak,bkN1\le a_k,b_k \le N

Sample input 1

  1. 4
  2. 4 3 1
  3. 2 1
  4. 3 4
  5. 2 4
  6. 4 3 4
  7. 2 1
  8. 3 4
  9. 2 4
  10. 4 3 8
  11. 2 1
  12. 3 4
  13. 2 4
  14. 4 4 5
  15. 1 2
  16. 2 3
  17. 3 4
  18. 4 2
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Sample output 1

  1. 2 1 3 4
  2. 3 2 1 4
  3. -1
  4. -1
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University of Debrecen; Faculty of Informatics; v. 09/30/2024